Ingrid Jüttner¹, Smriti Gurung², Anu Gurung², Chhatra M. Sharma³

¹Национальный музей Уэльса, Факультет естественных наук, парк Катаиз
(Кардифф, Великобритания)
¹Amgueddfa Cymru – National Museum Wales, Department of Natural Sciences,
Cathays Park (Cardiff, United Kingdom)
²Университет Катманду, Факультет экологических наук и инженерии (Дулихель, Непал)
²Kathmandu University, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (Dhulikhel, Nepal)
³Университет Трибхувана, Центральный факультет наук об окружающей среде, Киртипур (Катманду, Непал)
³Tribhuvan University, Central Department of Environmental Science, Kirtipur (Kathmandu, Nepal)

УДК 574.586:574.587

Были исследованы диатомовые водоросли в прибрежной зоне озера Рара, Непал. Видовой состав диатомей различался в сообществах на камнях, макрофитах, песке и осадках, а также между различными участками литорали. Изменения в составе сообществ были обусловлены различиями в субстратах и химическом составе воды.

Ключевые слова: diatoms; diversity; Himalaya; mountains; Nepal; Rara Lake.

Diatoms were investigated in the littoral of Rara Lake, Nepal, to investigate the impact of land use, substratum type and season. Species composition and diversity differed between areas, seasons and between stones, sediment and macrophytes. Both communities on stones and on sediment differed between the settlement and forested areas, but communities on stones showed the greatest differentiation between land use types.

Key words: diatoms; diversity; Himalaya; mountains; Nepal; Rara Lake.

Introduction

High altitude lakes are important habitats for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services, and their sediment records provide important information about global and local environmental change (Anderson et al., 2011; Moser et al., 2019). Rara Lake is located at 2970 m a.s.l. in a remote mountain region in the western districts of Jumla and Mugu, Nepal (29°30’56’’−29°32’35’’N). It is the largest freshwater lake in Nepal with a surface area of 9.8 km² and a maximum depth of 167 m. The lake is surrounded by mountains up to 3900 m a.s.l. altitude (Okino, Satoh, 1986; Gurung et al., 2018) and has a relatively small catchment area of 30 km². Rara Lake was designated as a Ramsar Site in 2007 (Ramsar, 2007) and is home to three endemic species of fish (Gurung et al., 2018).

Diatom studies of high altitude lakes in the Nepalese Himalaya are rare (e.g. Rai, 2005; Simkhada, 2006; Gurung et al., 2011; Krstić et al., 2013; Jüttner et al., 2018). Comprehensive taxonomic studies of their floras do not exist and only two genera, Eunotia and Gomphonema, have been studied in more detail in two regions of Nepal (Krstić et al., 2013; Jüttner et al., 2018). The current work at Rara Lake aims to use a detailed taxonomic investigation of the littoral benthic diatom flora for an assessment of the effects of recent infrastructure development. A small settlement, a military station and a few tourist lodges were present on the northern shore. This area was partly cleared of trees, and grassland and scrub is now the main vegetation in this area. Other areas around the lake are largely covered by forests (Himalayan Pine (Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jacks), Himalayan Fir (Abies spectabilis Spach), Himalayan Birch (Betula utilis D. Don), West Himalayan Spruce (Picea smithiana Boiss.), and Brown oak (Quercus semecarpifolia Sm.). There are other smaller areas with scrub and alpine meadows mainly on the southern shore (Yasuda, Tabata, 1988; ICIMOD, 2015). The aim of the current study was to assess diatom assemblage diversity and composition in the lake littoral in relation to substratum type, adjacent land use and catchment vegetation, and season.

Materials and Methods

Diatom surveys were carried out in October 2015 and in April 2016. Diatom samples were collected from a variety of available substrata, including stones, sediment, and macrophytes, at 19 sites in the lake littoral, a sub-set of which were used in the current analysis. Measurements of temperature, conductivity and pH, and water samples for chemical analysis were taken at the same time. Diatom samples were processed using hot peroxide oxidation and mounted on glass slides using Naphrax®.

Species were observed and photographed in light microscopy (LM) with a 100× oil immersion objective using a Nikon E600 microscope equipped with differential interference contrast (Nomarski) (National Museum Wales). For scanning electron microscopy (SEM) a small amount of suspension was dried on stubs and sputter-coated with a layer of platinum and studied with a Zeiss Gemini Ultra plus SEM microscope (working distance 3–12 mm, 3–5 kV, the Natural History Museum, London, Imaging and Analysis Centre). Diatom samples are held at the diatom collection of Kathmandu University, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (KU/DESE).

An analysis of diatom community composition was carried out using non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) and hierarchical agglomerative clustering, available in the software package Primer 7 (Clarke, Gorley, 2015).

Results and Discussion

The mean temperature at 16 littoral sampling sites in October and at 15 sites in April (in brackets) and in the middle of the lake (surface water) were 18.8°C ± 0.3 SD (14.8°C ± 1.8 SD), and other measurements were as follows: conductivity 190 µS/cm ± 5 SD (189 µS/cm ± 16 SD), pH 8.4 ± 0.3 (8.3 ± 0.2 SD), Ca²⁺ 9.2 mg/L ± 2.7 SD (13.7 mg/L ± 1.8 SD), Mg²⁺ 5.9 mg/L ± 3,6 SD (10.2 mg/L ± 1.4 SD), Cl^- 0.1 mg/L ± 0.05 SD (5.8 mg/L ± 7.3 SD), NO₃^- 0 mg/L (1.63 mg/L ± 2.42 SD), PO₄^3- 0 mg/L (0.06 mg/L ± 0.01 SD), SO₄^2- 0.14 mg/L ± 0.09 SD (0.24 mg/L ± 0.07 SD) (Gurung et al., 2018). The composition of littoral substratum varied between sites and areas of the lake. In the northern and north-western littoral areas, and east and west of the settlement, and in the southern littoral adjacent to an area with alpine meadows, sand and gravel were the most abundant substrata types. In the eastern littoral areas near the lake inflow the substratum was dominated by cobbles with some pebbles. In the southern littoral adjacent to conifer forest gravel and pebbles were most common.

The diatom flora of Rara Lake was diverse and contained a number of new species, rarely recorded and currently unidentified taxa (Jüttner et al., 2018, Jüttner et al., unpublished data). A total of 115 species in 37 genera were found regularly in the lake littoral with Gomphonema, Navicula, Nitzschia, Cymbella, Fragilaria and Achnanthidium the most species rich genera, but species in Staurosirella, Staurosira and Epithemia were the most abundant. Land use had a clear impact on diatom community composition in the lake littoral irrespective of the overall substratum composition. On stones adjacent to the settlement species in Staurosirella and Staurosira were the most abundant. Adjacent to forest areas species diversity was higher but species composition varied between forest areas around the lake. Typical taxa included species in Encyonopsis, Cymbella, Gomphonema and Fragilaria. Epithemia was more abundant adjacent to forest areas. Communities in the littoral area adjacent to grassland at the southern shore that is only used for grazing were distinct from those in forest areas but were not dominated by species typical of the littoral adjacent to the grassland area at the settlement.

On sediments species diversity was generally lower than on stones. As on stones species in Staurosirella and Staurosira were most abundant adjacent to the settlement, but on sediment these taxa were also more abundant in forest areas than on stones. Sellaphora cf. utermoehlii (Hustedt) Wetzel et D.G. Mann and Achnanthes cf. daui Foged became more abundant on sediment in areas adjacent to forest than in areas adjacent to the settlement.

Species communities on both stone and sediment substrata clearly differed between the areas at the settlement and the forest areas. But communities were also distinct between substrata at sites where both substrata were collected. Species in Staurosirella, Staurosira, Sellaphora cf. utermoehlii and Achnanthes cf. daui were typical on sediments and species in Gomphonema and Epithemia typical on stones.

Communities on macrophytes were more often characterized by an abundance of cymbelloid and Gomphonema species. These included Gomphonema minusculum Krasske, Gomphonema parapygmaeum Jüttner et Kociolek, Gomphonema parasundaense Jüttner, Gomphonema raraense Jüttner et Gurung, Cymbella exigua Krammer, Cymbella hantzschiana Krammer and Encyonopsis krammeri E. Reichardt. The greatest number of Gomphonema species were found in spring, and the number of sites supporting Gomphonema was also highest in spring, most likely as a result of more abundant macrophyte growth at this time of year. Two Gomphonema species were common on other substrata, Gomphonema tergestinum (Grunow in Van Heurck) M. Schmidt on stones and Gomphonema lateripunctatum Reichardt et Lange-Bertalot at one site on sediment.

At some sites there were significant differences in species composition between the post-monsoon season in October and the pre-monsoon season in April. Species that were typical at sites adjacent to the settlement and therefore likely to be more pollution tolerant tended to be more abundant in spring. This included species in Staurosirella and Staurosira, while Epithemia cf. sorex was more abundant in autumn.

Future recording of diatom diversity at Rara Lake to monitor environmental change including effects of land use and climate warming requires further detailed taxonomic and ecological investigations of the flora. Substratum type is an important factor in shaping diatom assemblages (Poulíčková et al., 2004; Pla-Rabés et al., 2013; Elias et al., 2016), and in Rara Lake we recommend that only assemblages collected from the same substratum should be used for comparisons between different littoral areas. Our results also suggest that stones might be more suitable in principle than sediment in identifying anthropogenic effects because communities between areas adjacent to different land use were more distinct on stones. Macrophytes are the least suitable because their distribution in the littoral is sparse and seasonally restricted. There are areas along the shore of Rara Lake where either stone or sediment substrata are not present, and these substrata do not support a considerable number of taxa. We therefore recommend that future long-term monitoring continues to collect diatom communities from all available substrata to detect effects of pollution and changes in overall biodiversity of diatom communities (Bertrand et al., 2013).

Авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов, требующего раскрытия в данном сообщении.

The authors declare  that there is no conflict of interest requiring disclosure in this communication.

Список литературы

1. Anderson E.P., Marengo J., Villalba R., Halloy S., Young B., Cordero D., Gast F., Jaimes E., Ruiz D. Consequences of climate change for ecosystems and ecosystem services in the tropical Andes // Herzog, S.K., Martínez, R., Jørgensen, P.M., Tiessen, H. (eds.). Climate Change and Biodiversity in the Tropical Andes. – San Jose dos Campos; Paris: Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research and Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment, 2011. – P. 1–18.
2. Bertrand J., Ector L., Renon J.-P. Diatomées des mares. I. L’échantillonnage des diatomées: un problème de choix des supports // Symbioses. 2013. V.31. P.31–38.
3. Clarke K.R., Gorley R.N. PRIMER v7: user manual/tutorial. – Plymouth: PRIMER-E Ltd, 2015. – P.1–296.
4. Elias C.L., Rocha R.J.M., Feio M.J., Figueira E., Almeida S.F.P. Influence of the colonizing substrate on diatom assemblages and implications for bioassessment: a mesocosm experiment // Aquatic Ecology. 2016. V.51, №1. P. 145–158. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10452-016-9605-0.
5. Gurung S., Gurung A., Sharma C.M., Jüttner I., Tripathee L., Bajracharya R.M., Raut N., Pradhananga P., Sitaula B.K., Zhang Y., Kang S., Guo J. Hydochemistry of Rara Lake: A high mountain lake in western Nepal // Lakes and Reservoirs. 2018. V.23, №2, P. 87–97. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/lre.12218
6. Gurung S., Jüttner I., Angele C. Diatoms from lakes and streams in the Gokyo Valley, Sagarmatha (Everest) National Park, Nepal. Appendix 1 // Sharma, C.M. (ed.). Report to WWF Nepal: Climate Change Impacts on Freshwater Ecosystems in Gokyo Wetlands, Nepal. – Dhulikhel: Aquatic Ecology Centre, School of Science, Kathmandu University, 2011. – P. 1–18.
7. Jüttner I., Kociolek J.P., Gurung S., Gurung A., Sharma C.M., Levkov Z., Williams D.M., Ector L. The genus Gomphonema (Bacillariophyta) in Rara Lake, Nepal: taxonomy, morphology, habitat distribution and description of five new species, and a new record for Gomphoneis qii // Diatom Research. 2018. V.33, №2. P. 283–320. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2018.1528182.
8. Krstić S., Pavlov A., Levkov Z., Jüttner I. New Eunotia taxa in core samples from Lake Panch Pokhari in the Nepalese Himalaya // Diatom Research. 2013. V.23, №2. P. 203–217. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2013.782343.
9. Moser K.A., Baron J.S., Brahney J., Oleksy I.A., Saros J.E., Hundey E.J., Sadro S.A., Kopáček J., Sommaruga R., Kainz M.J., Strecker A.L., Chandra S., Walters D.M., Preston D.L., Michelutti N., Lepori F., Spaulding S.A., Christianson K.R., Melack J.M., Smol J.P. Mountain lakes: Eyes on global environmental change // Global and Planetary Change. 2019. V.178. P. 77‑95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2019.04.001
10. Okino T., Satoh Y. Morphology, physics, chemistry and biology of Lake Rara in west Nepal // Hydrobiologia. 1986. V.140. P. 125–133. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00007565
11. Pla-Rabés S., Toro M., Van de Vijver B., Rochera C., Villaescusa J.A., Camacho A., Quesada A. Stability and endemicity of benthic diatom assemblages from different substrates in a maritime stream on Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, Antarctica: the role of climate variability // Antarctic Science. 2013. V.25, №2. P. 254–269. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102012000922.
12. Poulíčková A., Duchoslav M., Dokulil M. Littoral diatom assemblages as bioindicators of lake trophic status: A case study from perialpine lakes in Austria // European Journal of Phycology. 2004. V.39. P. 143–152. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0967026042000201876.
13. Rai S.K. Preliminary Report of Diatoms from Maipokhari Lake, Ilam, Nepal // Our Nature. 2005. V.3. P.26–30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/on.v3i1.331.
14. Ramsar. 2007. https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris-search/rara?pagetab=1. (Accessed on 31st January 2017).
15. Simkhada B. Diatoms as Indicators of Environmental Change in Lakes and Ponds of the Lowlands, Middle Hills and high Himalaya of Nepal. PhD dissertation. – University Bielefeld, Faculty of Biology, 2006. – 164 p.
16. Yasuda Y., Tabata H. Vegetation and climatic changes in Nepal Himalayas, a preliminary study of the Holocene vegetational history in the Lake Rara National Park, West Nepal // Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy. 1988. V.54. P. 538–548.

References

1. Anderson E.P., Marengo J., Villalba R., Halloy S., Young B., Cordero D., Gast F., Jaimes E., Ruiz D. Consequences of climate change for ecosystems and ecosystem services in the tropical Andes. In: Herzog, S.K., Martínez, R., Jørgensen, P.M., Tiessen, H. (eds.). Climate Change and Biodiversity in the Tropical Andes. Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research and Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment, San Jose dos Campos; Paris, 2011. P.1–18.
2. Bertrand J., Ector L., Renon J.-P. Diatomées des mares. I. L’échantillonnage des diatomées: un problème de choix des supports. Symbioses. 2013. V.31. P.31–38.
3. Clarke K.R., Gorley R.N. PRIMER v7: user manual/tutorial. PRIMER-E Ltd, Plymouth, 2015. P.1–296.
4. Elias C.L., Rocha R.J.M., Feio M.J., Figueira E., Almeida S.F.P. Influence of the colonizing substrate on diatom assemblages and implications for bioassessment: a mesocosm experiment. Aquatic Ecology. 2016. V.51, №1. P. 145–158. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10452-016-9605-0.
5. Gurung S., Gurung A., Sharma C.M., Jüttner I., Tripathee L., Bajracharya R.M., Raut N., Pradhananga P., Sitaula B.K., Zhang Y., Kang S., Guo J. Hydochemistry of Rara Lake: A high mountain lake in western Nepal. Lakes and Reservoirs. 2018. V.23, №2, P. 87–97. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/lre.12218.
6. Gurung S., Jüttner I., Angele C. Diatoms from lakes and streams in the Gokyo Valley, Sagarmatha (Everest) National Park, Nepal. Appendix 1. In: Sharma, C.M. Report to WWF Nepal: Climate Change Impacts on Freshwater Ecosystems in Gokyo Wetlands, Nepal. Aquatic Ecology Centre, School of Science, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, 2011. P. 1–18.
7. Jüttner I., Kociolek J.P., Gurung S., Gurung A., Sharma C.M., Levkov Z., Williams D.M., Ector L. The genus Gomphonema (Bacillariophyta) in Rara Lake, Nepal: taxonomy, morphology, habitat distribution and description of five new species, and a new record for Gomphoneis qii. Diatom Research. 2018. V.33, №2. P. 283–320. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2018.1528182.
8. Krstić S., Pavlov A., Levkov Z., Jüttner I. New Eunotia taxa in core samples from Lake Panch Pokhari in the Nepalese Himalaya. Diatom Research. 2013. V.23, №2. P. 203–217. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2013.782343.
9. Moser K.A., Baron J.S., Brahney J., Oleksy I.A., Saros J.E., Hundey E.J., Sadro S.A., Kopáček J., Sommaruga R., Kainz M.J., Strecker A.L., Chandra S., Walters D.M., Preston D.L., Michelutti N., Lepori F., Spaulding S.A., Christianson K.R., Melack J.M., Smol J.P. Mountain lakes: Eyes on global environmental change. Global and Planetary Change. 2019. V.178. P. 77‑95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2019.04.001
10. Okino T., Satoh Y. Morphology, physics, chemistry and biology of Lake Rara in west Nepal. Hydrobiologia. 1986. V.140. P. 125–133. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00007565
11. Pla-Rabés S., Toro M., Van de Vijver B., Rochera C., Villaescusa J.A., Camacho A., Quesada A. Stability and endemicity of benthic diatom assemblages from different substrates in a maritime stream on Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, Antarctica: the role of climate variability. Antarctic Science. 2013. V.25, №2. P.254–269. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102012000922.
12. Poulíčková A., Duchoslav M., Dokulil M. Littoral diatom assemblages as bioindicators of lake trophic status: A case study from perialpine lakes in Austria. European Journal of Phycology. 2004. V.39. P. 143–152. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0967026042000201876.
13. Rai S.K. Preliminary Report of Diatoms from Maipokhari Lake, Ilam, Nepal. Our Nature. 2005. V.3. P. 26–30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/on.v3i1.331.
14. Ramsar. 2007. https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris-search/rara?pagetab=1 (Accessed on 31st January 2017)
15. Simkhada B. Diatoms as Indicators of Environmental Change in Lakes and Ponds of the Lowlands, Middle Hills and high Himalaya of Nepal: PhD dissertation. University Bielefeld, Faculty of Biology, 2006. 164 p.
16. Yasuda Y., Tabata H. Vegetation and climatic changes in Nepal Himalayas, a preliminary study of the Holocene vegetational history in the Lake Rara National Park, West Nepal. Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy. 1988. V.54. P. 538–548.

Статья поступила в редакцию 1.06.2019
Статья принята к публикации 21.07.2019

Об авторах

Ingrid Jüttner

Amgueddfa Cymru – Национальный музей Уэльса, Факультет естественных наук, парк Катаиз, Кардифф, Великобритания (Amgueddfa Cymru – National Museum Wales, Department of Natural Sciences, Cathays Park,  Cardiff, United Kingdom)

Ingrid.Juettner@museumwales.ac.uk

Smriti Gurung

Университет Катманду, Факультет экологических наук и инженерии, Дулихель, Непал (Kathmandu University, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dhulikhel, Nepal)

smriti@ku.edu.np, smritismu@gmail.com

Anu Gurung

Университет Катманду, Факультет экологических наук и инженерии, Дулихель, Непал (Kathmandu University, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dhulikhel, Nepal)

anugrg.ertha@gmail.com

Chhatra M. Sharma

Университет Трибхувана, Центральный факультет наук об окружающей среде, Киртипур, Катманду, Непал (Tribhuvan University, Central Department of Environmental Science, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal)

cmsharma@cdes.edu.np

Корреспондентский адрес: Amgueddfa Cymru-National Museum Wales, Cathays Park, Cardiff, CF103NP, UK. Tel: 0044 2920 573127.

ССЫЛКА:

Jüttner I., Gurung S., Gurung A., Sharma C.M. Разнообразие диатомовых водорослей в прибрежной зоне озера Рара, высокогорного озера в Гималаях на западе Непала // Вопросы современной альгологии. 2019. №2 (20). С. 154–158. URL: http://algology.ru/1518

DOI – https://doi.org/10.33624/2311-0147-2019-2(20)-154-158

При перепечатке ссылка на сайт обязательна

Diatom biodiversity in the lake littoral of Rara Lake, a high altitude lake in the Himalaya of western Nepal

Ingrid Jüttner¹, Smriti Gurung², Anu Gurung², Chhatra M. Sharma³

¹Amgueddfa Cymru – National Museum Wales, Department of Natural Sciences, Cathays Park
(Cardiff, United Kingdom)
²Kathmandu University, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (Dhulikhel, Nepal)
³Tribhuvan University, Central Department of Environmental Science, Kirtipur (Kathmandu, Nepal)

Diatoms were investigated in the littoral of Rara Lake, Nepal, to investigate the impact of land use, substratum type and season. Species composition and diversity differed between areas, seasons and between stones, sediment and macrophytes. Both communities on stones and on sediment differed between the settlement and forested areas, but communities on stones showed the greatest differentiation between land use types.

Key words: diatoms; diversity; Himalaya; mountains; Nepal; Rara Lake.

References

1. Anderson E.P., Marengo J., Villalba R., Halloy S., Young B., Cordero D., Gast F., Jaimes E., Ruiz D. Consequences of climate change for ecosystems and ecosystem services in the tropical Andes. In: Herzog, S.K., Martínez, R., Jørgensen, P.M., Tiessen, H. (eds.). Climate Change and Biodiversity in the Tropical Andes. Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research and Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment, San Jose dos Campos; Paris, 2011. P.1–18.
2. Bertrand J., Ector L., Renon J.-P. Diatomées des mares. I. L’échantillonnage des diatomées: un problème de choix des supports. Symbioses. 2013. V.31. P.31–38.
3. Clarke K.R., Gorley R.N. PRIMER v7: user manual/tutorial. PRIMER-E Ltd, Plymouth, 2015. P.1–296.
4. Elias C.L., Rocha R.J.M., Feio M.J., Figueira E., Almeida S.F.P. Influence of the colonizing substrate on diatom assemblages and implications for bioassessment: a mesocosm experiment. Aquatic Ecology. 2016. V.51, №1. P. 145–158. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10452-016-9605-0.
5. Gurung S., Gurung A., Sharma C.M., Jüttner I., Tripathee L., Bajracharya R.M., Raut N., Pradhananga P., Sitaula B.K., Zhang Y., Kang S., Guo J. Hydochemistry of Rara Lake: A high mountain lake in westerns Nepal. Lakes and Reservoirs. 2018. V.23, №2, P. 87–97. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/lre.12218.
6. Gurung S., Jüttner I., Angele C. Diatoms from lakes and streams in the Gokyo Valley, Sagarmatha (Everest) National Park, Nepal. Appendix 1. In: Sharma C.M. Report to WWF Nepal: Climate Change Impacts on Freshwater Ecosystems in Gokyo Wetlands, Nepal. Aquatic Ecology Centre, School of Science, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, 2011. P. 1–18.
7. Jüttner I., Kociolek J.P., Gurung S., Gurung A., Sharma C.M., Levkov Z., Williams D.M., Ector L. The genus Gomphonema (Bacillariophyta) in Rara Lake, Nepal: taxonomy, morphology, habitat distribution and description of five new species, and a new record for Gomphoneis qii. Diatom Research. 2018. V.33, №2. P. 283–320. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2018.1528182.
8. Krstić S., Pavlov A., Levkov Z., Jüttner I. New Eunotia taxa in core samples from Lake Panch Pokhari in the Nepalese Himalaya. Diatom Research. 2013. V.23, №2. P. 203–217. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2013.782343.
9. Moser K.A., Baron J.S., Brahney J., Oleksy I.A., Saros J.E., Hundey E.J., Sadro S.A., Kopáček J., Sommaruga R., Kainz M.J., Strecker A.L., Chandra S., Walters D.M., Preston D.L., Michelutti N., Lepori F., Spaulding S.A., Christianson K.R., Melack J.M., Smol J.P. Mountain lakes: Eyes on global environmental change. Global and Planetary Change. 2019. V.178. P. 77‑95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2019.04.001
10. Okino T., Satoh Y. Morphology, physics, chemistry and biology of Lake Rara in west Nepal. Hydrobiologia. 1986. V.140. P. 125–133. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00007565
11. Pla-Rabés S., Toro M., Van de Vijver B., Rochera C., Villaescusa J.A., Camacho A., Quesada A. Stability and endemicity of benthic diatom assemblages from different substrates in a maritime stream on Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, Antarctica: the role of climate variability. Antarctic Science. 2013. V.25, №2. P.254–269. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102012000922.
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Authors

Jüttner Ingrid

ORCID – https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0841-6206.

Amgueddfa Cymru – National Museum Wales, Department of Natural Sciences, Cathays Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom

Ingrid.Juettner@museumwales.ac.uk

Gurung Smriti

ORCID – https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2975-3204.

Kathmandu University, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dhulikhel, Nepal

smriti@ku.edu.np, smritismu@gmail.com

Gurung Anu

ORCID – https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0576-0055.

Kathmandu University, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dhulikhel, Nepal

anugrg.ertha@gmail.com

Sharma Chhatra M.

ORCID – https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0714-7411.

Tribhuvan University, Central Department of Environmental Science, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal

cmsharma@cdes.edu.np

ARTICLE LINK:

Jüttner I., Gurung S., Gurung A., Sharma C.M. Diatom biodiversity in the lake littoral of Rara Lake, a high altitude lake in the Himalaya of western Nepal. Voprosy sovremennoi algologii (Issues of modern algology). 2019. № 2 (20). P. 154–158. URL: http://algology.ru/1518

DOI – https://doi.org/10.33624/2311-0147-2019-2(20)-154-158

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